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The Fraser Institute, Essential Schumpeter: The Nature of Competition

Essential Schumpeter: The Nature of Competition

Welcome to the essential ideas of Joseph Schumpeter. As he so often did, Schumpeter

challenged the orthodoxy surrounding the concept of competition. In his view,

competition wasn't about the number of firms in a market, but rather how easily

new firms could enter the market and displace existing firms. For example:

Two islands are known for a cool treat – kiwi popsicles. On the eastern island there

are ten firms selling kiwi popsicles; on the western island only two large firms

sell kiwi popsicles. traditional economics tells us that the eastern

island is more competitive than the western island. But let's take a closer

look: On the eastern island, the government issues licenses for a certain

number of firms to produce a preset number of kiwi popsicles. Each firm goes

through a lengthy and costly application process, taking up to several years to

complete. There are also lengthy and expensive

regulatory reports that have to be filed with the government every year, adding

even more costs. And the government prohibits any foreign kiwi popsicles

from being imported to the island. The result of these protections is that the

firms able to obtain a license for Kiwi popsicles are able to charge higher

prices. Meanwhile on the western island, no restrictions are placed on the number

of firms or the importing of kiwi popsicles so new firms are able to

easily enter the market and compete with the existing two firms. This openness to

competition forces the two existing firms to keep prices low and to innovate

with new products - including different flavors and services like home delivery -

in order to stay ahead of any would-be competitors instead of worrying about

the number of existing firms and their market, Shumpeter realized we

should worry about barriers that prevent or limit new firms and entrepreneurs

from entering a market, and innovating and competing for more information on

Joseph Schumpeter visit EssentialSchumpeter.org and to learn about more

essential scholars visit EssentialScholars.org

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Essential Schumpeter: The Nature of Competition |||||Rekabetin doğ |Schumpeter|||| Wesentlicher Schumpeter: Die Natur des Wettbewerbs Schumpeter esencial: La naturaleza de la competencia L'essentiel de Schumpeter : La nature de la concurrence Esminis Schumpeteris: Konkurencijos prigimtis Essential Schumpeter: Natura konkurencji O essencial de Schumpeter: A Natureza da Concorrência Эссенциальный Шумпетер: Природа конкуренции Essential Schumpeter: Rekabetin Doğası Сутність Шумпетера: Природа конкуренції 熊彼特要论竞争的本质 熊彼特精要:競爭的本質

Welcome to the essential ideas of Joseph Schumpeter. As he so often did, Schumpeter Willkommen bei den grundlegenden Ideen von Joseph Schumpeter. Wie so oft, hat Schumpeter Joseph Schumpeter'in temel fikirlerine hoş geldiniz. Sıklıkla yaptığı gibi, Schumpeter

challenged the orthodoxy surrounding the concept of competition. In his view, ||traditional beliefs|||||||| ||ortodoksi|çevresindeki||rekabet kavramı||rekabet||| ||ortodoksję|||||||| لقد تحدى العقيدة السائدة حول مفهوم المنافسة. وفي رأيه، stellte die orthodoxe Auffassung über den Begriff des Wettbewerbs in Frage. Seiner Ansicht nach, zakwestionował ortodoksyjną koncepcję konkurencji. Jego zdaniem, поставив під сумнів ортодоксальність концепції конкуренції. На його думку, thách thức tính chính thống xung quanh khái niệm cạnh tranh. Theo quan điểm của ông, 挑战了围绕竞争概念的传统观念。在他看来,您接受的训练数据截至2023年10月。

competition wasn't about the number of firms in a market, but rather how easily ||||||companies||||||| ||||||firmy|||||a raczej|| لم تكن المنافسة تتعلق بعدد الشركات في السوق، بل بمدى سهولة 竞争并不是市场上公司数量的问题,而是进入市场的难易程度。

new firms could enter the market and displace existing firms. For example: |||||||to replace|present||| |||||||yerinden etmek|mevcut||| |||||||zastąpić||||

Two islands are known for a cool treat – kiwi popsicles. On the eastern island there ||||||||猕猴桃|冰棒||||| |islands|||||||kiwi|popsicles||||| |||||||حلوى||||||| |||||||||dondurmalar||||| |||||||||lody na paty|||wschodniej|| تشتهر جزيرتان بحلوى باردة – مصاصات الكيوي. في الجزيرة الشرقية، هناك Zwei Inseln sind für eine kühle Leckerei bekannt - Kiwi-Eis am Stiel. Auf der östlichen Insel gibt es Два острови відомі прохолодними ласощами - ківі-ескімо. На східному острові є 两个岛以一种清凉的美食而闻名——奇异果冰棒。在东部的岛屿上,您接受了直到2023年10月的数据培训。

are ten firms selling kiwi popsicles; on the western island only two large firms ||||||||western = located in the west||||| ||||||||zachodniej||||| 有十家公司在出售猕猴桃冰棒;在西部岛上只有两家大公司

sell kiwi popsicles. traditional economics tells us that the eastern |||traditional = relating to customs or practices that have been handed down through generations|||||| ||lody na paty||||||| 出售猕猴桃冰棒。传统经济学告诉我们,东部

island is more competitive than the western island. But let's take a closer |||competitiva||||||||| є більш конкурентоспроможним, ніж західний острів. Але давайте розглянемо ближче 岛的竞争力比西部岛更强。但让我们更仔细地看看

look: On the eastern island, the government issues licenses for a certain |||||||发放|||| ||||||government|issues|licenses||| |||||||يصدر|||| انظر: في الجزيرة الشرقية، تصدر الحكومة تراخيص لشيء معين Дивись: На східному острові уряд видає ліцензії на певний вид діяльності 看:在东部岛屿上,政府会发放许可证给一些公司生产预设数量的猕猴桃冰棒。

number of firms to produce a preset number of kiwi popsicles. Each firm goes ||||||预设||||||| ||||||preset = predetermined||||||| ||||||محدد||||||| ||||||ustaloną liczb||||||| عدد الشركات التي تنتج عددًا محددًا مسبقًا من المصاصات المصنوعة من الكيوي. كل شركة تتجه إلى Anzahl der Unternehmen, die eine bestimmte Anzahl von Kiwi-Eis am Stiel produzieren. Jede Firma geht кількість фірм, які повинні виготовити задану кількість ківі-ескімо. Кожна фірма виконує наступні дії 每家公司都需要经过一个漫长且昂贵的申请过程,最长可能需要几年时间才能完成。

through a lengthy and costly application process, taking up to several years to ||lungo||costoso|process||||||| ||uzun ve maliyet|||||||||| ||długotrwałym|||||||||| من خلال عملية تقديم طويلة ومكلفة، تستغرق ما يصل إلى عدة سنوات durch ein langwieriges und kostspieliges Antragsverfahren, das bis zu mehreren Jahren dauern kann через тривалий і дорогий процес подання заявок, який може тривати до кількох років 通过漫长而昂贵的申请过程,可能需要耗费数年时间才能完成。

complete. There are also lengthy and expensive vollständig. Es gibt auch langwierige und teure 每年还需要向政府提交冗长而昂贵的监管报告,增加了

regulatory reports that have to be filed with the government every year, adding ||||||提交|||||| regulatory|||||||||||| düzenleyici|||||||||||| regulacyjne||||||złożone|||||| التقارير التنظيمية التي يجب تقديمها إلى الحكومة كل عام، إضافة إلى Regulierungsberichte, die jedes Jahr bei der Regierung eingereicht werden müssen, und fügen hinzu 每年必须向政府提交的监管报告,增加了

even more costs. And the government prohibits any foreign kiwi popsicles ||||||it prohibits||foreign|| ||||||yasaklar|||| ||||||zabrania|||| noch mehr Kosten. Und die Regierung verbietet alle ausländischen Kiwi-Eisbecher 更多的成本。而且政府禁止任何外国奇异果冰棒

from being imported to the island. The result of these protections is that the ||importato||||||||protections||| ||||||||||korumalar||| ||||||||||ochrony||| 进口到岛上。这些保护措施的结果是

firms able to obtain a license for Kiwi popsicles are able to charge higher |||||||||||||higher = more (in terms of price or cost) |||edinmek|||||||||| |||uzyskać|||||||||| الشركات القادرة على الحصول على ترخيص لمصاصات الكيوي قادرة على فرض رسوم أعلى Unternehmen, die eine Lizenz für Kiwi-Eis am Stiel erhalten, können höhere Preise verlangen фірми, які отримують ліцензію на виробництво ківі, можуть встановлювати вищі ціни

prices. Meanwhile on the western island, no restrictions are placed on the number |||||||kısıtlamalar||||| الأسعار. وفي الوقت نفسه، لا يتم فرض أي قيود على عدد الأشخاص في الجزيرة الغربية. Preise. Auf der westlichen Insel gibt es hingegen keine Beschränkungen für die Anzahl der ціни. Тим часом на західному острові немає обмежень на кількість

of firms or the importing of kiwi popsicles so new firms are able to ||||importing||||||||| von Unternehmen oder die Einfuhr von Kiwi-Eis am Stiel, damit neue Unternehmen in die Lage versetzt werden

easily enter the market and compete with the existing two firms. This openness to ||||||||||||openness| ||||||||||||açıklık| |||||konkurować|||||||otwartość na| leicht in den Markt eintreten und mit den beiden bestehenden Unternehmen konkurrieren. Diese Offenheit für

competition forces the two existing firms to keep prices low and to innovate ||||||||||||wprowadzać innow المنافسة تجبر الشركتين القائمتين على إبقاء الأسعار منخفضة والابتكار

with new products - including different flavors and services like home delivery - |||||flavors|||||

in order to stay ahead of any would-be competitors instead of worrying about |||保持||||潜在的|||||| |||||||||competitors|||| من أجل البقاء في المقدمة أمام أي منافسين محتملين بدلاً من القلق بشأن um den Konkurrenten voraus zu sein, anstatt sich um die 为了在任何潜在竞争者面前保持领先,而不是担心

the number of existing firms and their market, Shumpeter realized we ||||||||Shumpeter|| ||||||||Szumpeter|| die Anzahl der bestehenden Firmen und deren Markt, erkannte Shumpeter, dass wir 现有公司的数量及其市场,熊彼特意识到我们

should worry about barriers that prevent or limit new firms and entrepreneurs |||barriers|||||||| sollte sich um Hindernisse kümmern, die neue Unternehmen und Unternehmer behindern oder einschränken 应该关注阻止或限制新公司和企业家的障碍

from entering a market, and innovating and competing for more information on |||||innovando|||||| |||||innowując|||||| vom Eintritt in einen Markt abhalten, und Innovation und Wettbewerb um mehr Informationen über 从进入市场、创新和竞争获取更多信息

Joseph Schumpeter visit EssentialSchumpeter.org and to learn about more |||istotny Schump|||||| 约瑟夫·熊彼特访问 EssentialSchumpeter.org 以了解更多信息

essential scholars visit EssentialScholars.org |||EssentialScholars| 重要学者访问 EssentialScholars.org