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The Making of Modern Ukraine, Class 8. Early Jews of Modern Ukraine (1)

Class 8. Early Jews of Modern Ukraine (1)

- All right, good afternoon, everyone.

My name is Maksimas Milta.

I am a graduate student

at European and Russian Studies program here at Yale,

and also one of the teaching fellows for this class,

and as the syllabus says,

today's lecture is focused

on the history of Jews in Ukraine,

and we learned earlier

that Jews are among those people who lived the longest

in the territory of modern-day Ukraine,

and hence, the topic of today,

and the lecture will be today delivered

by our special guest, Professor Glenn Dynner.

Glenn Dynner is the Carl and Dorothy Bennett

Professor of Judaic Studies

and director of Bennett Center at Fairfield University.

Since 2014, he has served as a professor of religion

and chair of religion department at Sarah Lawrence College.

Professor Dynner holds a PhD from Brandeis University

in the Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies,

and his scholarship focuses

mostly on Eastern European Jewry,

and more specifically,

on the social history of Hasidism and Haskalah,

also known as Jewish Enlightenment.

He also works on the topics of Polish Jewish relations,

Jewish economic history, and popular religion.

Professor Dynner is the author of two award-winning books.

One of them is called "Men of Silk:

"The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society,"

and the other one is called "Yankel's Tavern:

"Jews, Liquor, and Life in the Kingdom of Poland."

Currently, Professor Dynner works on the book

titled "The Light of Learning:

"The Hasidic Revival in Poland on the Eve of the Holocaust."

For those of you

who consider an academic career in your future,

I'd like to emphasize the fact

that Professor Dynner is also a coeditor of "Shofar,"

a journal of interdisciplinary Jewish studies,

and he also serves on the editorial boards

of "POLIN" and "East European Jewish Affairs" journals.

He's a member of several

Jewish studies related advisory and academic boards,

including YIVO,

and also, an academic advisory board

of the Fortunoff Archive here at Yale.

Professor Dynner, welcome to Yale,

and thank you for joining us.

- Okay, thanks, Max.

(audience clapping)

Thank you.

Yeah, it's great to be here.

I guess you figured out I'm not Timothy Snyder,

and I teach at Fairfield,

which is down the highway a little bit,

and I missed my exit,

and somehow I wind up here, which is a great honor,

so I'm gonna be talking a little bit

about the Jews of Ukraine up to the year 1648.

I understand you guys came up

to the Battle of Grunwald in 1410,

so I'm gonna go a little bit beyond that

because honestly, not a whole lot is known

about the Jewish communities

in this part of Eastern Europe before then,

and so we're gonna go through all this,

and we're gonna come up to 1648.

I assume, to this point, you've really been learning

about the story of colonizers and the colonized.

Colonizers being Lithuanians,

and then Poles, which you're just starting to get into,

and the colonized being Ukrainians in this part.

What I would like to talk about today

is a third very prominent group,

and that's the Jewish community,

which is neither one of these things, right?

The Jews constitute a diaspora group,

meaning they're without a homeland, so to speak.

They're a guest,

and they have to somehow mediate

between these colonizers and the colonized.

There's certain advantages to being a diaspora group,

if you think about it.

They have a pretty far-flung

social and mercantile network.

They speak their own language

and are able to cultivate,

you know, an elite culture

or subculture in these parts,

and, you know,

it's a situation of

where they're able to obtain economic niches

and have a great deal of mobility.

Those things are true.

However, it's also a situation of physical vulnerability.

The Jews are members of a,

well, ostensibly problematic religion,

and, you know, as a result of this,

they really wind up serving the more powerful groups,

meaning the Lithuanian and the Polish colonizers,

and this works out for a while

until they really pay a horrible price for this,

you know, because Ukrainians

are gonna rise up under Chmielnicki,

and Chmielnicki is an anticolonial hero

from a Ukrainian perspective,

but from a Jewish perspective,

after a series of horrific massacres,

you know, Chmielnicki, for them, is a vicious persecutor,

and this is kind of the price that they pay.

I wanna start with the bad news

and then move on to better news.

The bad news is Jews, as you probably figured out,

are a pariah group,

as some of the things I mentioned indicate,

and that has very deep roots here.

It goes all the way back, in fact, to early church fathers.

The most benign,

and, I would say, the formula that's basically adopted

throughout most of real everyday life

is probably that one

that's attributable to Augustine, okay?

And we'll go into that in a minute,

but first, I just want to address this image,

which, if you can make it out,

is really a kind of image of ambivalence

because over here on this side

you have Jewish merchants, traders.

They don't look very prosperous.

On the other side, you have peasants in their holiday garb,

and the painter is called (indistinct),

who would paint Polish and Ukrainian kind of everyday life,

landscapes, and depict sort of scenes of everyday life.

They're together.

They're gathered in front of a tavern,

but you can tell they're pretty apart, right?

They're divided by their dress.

They're divided by their language.

You know, Jews are speaking Yiddish, predominantly,

and the peasants have their own local dialect.

It's gonna be a Slavic language,

and there's little kind of communication between them.

The Jews are also involved in very different activity,

you know, as traders, as petty merchants,

compared to the peasants who, on their holiday are dancing,

and they're enjoying themselves, probably drinking,

and inside, if we went in there,

we would probably see a Jewish tavernkeeper.

Jews leased taverns and distilleries from the nobility.

The vast majority of taverns and distilleries

throughout these regions were actually run by Jews,

and you really have sort of a, I would say,

an interaction, but not an integration, right?

An interaction within

very prescribed social categories.

You can call it a symbiosis

because Jews are providing essential services,

the peasants providing essential services to them,

but, of course, it can also develop into real animosity,

misunderstanding, resentment, and outright violence,

so that's why I would call it a situation of ambivalence.

Where does the pariah status come from?

If we go back to Augustine,

I'd like to look at this text very closely

because it looks like anti-Semitism,

but it's not really intended to be so.

This is from his "Contra Faustum":

"It is not, as you say, not by bodily death

"shall the ungodly race of carnal Jews perish,"

and what he's basically saying is you can't kill Jews.

You know, they may have rejected Christ,

but they live among us,

and they're not to be harmed bodily,

and this is in a context

of forced conversions at this time period,

you know, outright violence and death,

and so he's really actually proscribing this.

He's forbidding this kind of thing.

"For whoever destroys them in this way,

"shall suffer sevenfold vengeance,"

that is, shall bring upon himself the sevenfold penalty

under which the Jews lie for the crucifixion of Christ,

and so he is blaming Jews for the death of Christ,

and deicide,

or at least the murder of the human embodiment of God,

is a pretty heavy penalty,

so to the end of the seven days of time,

the continued preservation of the Jews

will be proof to believing Christians

of the subjection merited

by those who, in the pride of their kingdom,

put the Lord to death,

and here is perhaps the most dangerous formula of all

because what it's basically saying is

Jews are to be kept around in a state of misery, right?

As witness to what happens when you reject Christ,

but they're to be kept around.

Now, the reason why I consider this so dangerous is

what happens when Jews don't fulfill that role

of misery, of subjection?

What happens then?

What happens when they're perceived

as maybe violating that hierarchy,

even subverting that hierarchy?

And, of course, at the heart of anti-Semitism is the claim

of excessive Jewish power, influence, and wealth,

and all these things come into play,

so what I'm asking is

is this formula a license to kill

when that, the Jewish part of the deal

is not held up, right?

The subjection or the misery,

and, you know, I think that kind of explains

the trajectory that we're gonna follow.

Most of the time,

most of the time, Jews are gonna lead

a relatively prosperous and stable existence,

but then there are these episodes,

extremely violent devastating episodes,

today, what we would call genocide in some cases, you know,

and, you know, are Jews even aware of this bargain?

Are they aware of this formula?

It seems they are, to an extent,

because rabbinical leaders will actually forbid

ostentatious display

like jewelry and fancy clothing and that kind of a thing,

and they'll try very hard,

but it's very hard to control such things also.

That being said, so we've got this kind of,

I would say, dangerous balancing act, you know,

and it's like a collective balancing act

and this collective sense of ambivalence.

That being said,

most of the Jews of the world

are going to move to this part of the world,

not all the Ukraine.

It's gonna be, also, you know,

the Polish kingdom and other lands in Eastern Europe,

but it's pretty incredible.

75% of the world's Jewish population

is going to reside in Eastern Europe by the 19th century,

and there's a reason for that.

It can't be that horrible if they're living there.

It certainly can't be that deadly.

The reason for that is that stability

and relative prosperity.

They have economic autonomy.

They're not allowed to own land,

yet that can also be,

I suppose, an advantage

because they move into somewhat more lucrative pursuits

like trade, crafts, moneylending,

and most importantly all, as time develops,

leaseholding from the nobility.

They will lease pretty much all

of the nonagricultural enterprises of the nobles.

Political autonomy.

We're gonna see how they develop virtually self-government.

Now, later on, anti-Semitic claims are gonna be

that they constitute a state within a state.

I think that goes way too far.

You know, it's all contingent on the Polish landowners

who own the vast majority of land in these areas

and linguistic autonomy.

The vernacular everyday language is Yiddish,

a combination of German and Hebrew

with some Slavic elements thrown in,

and then Hebrew, which functions a lot like Latin

as an elite clerical language, a literary language,

one that's not really spoken until the rise of Zionism.

Now, we can go way back

to the origins of Jewish presence

in what becomes the Ukraine,

but historians will often start

with the Khazar kingdom,

and it's kind of exciting to historians

to think that there was a Jewish kingdom.

Supposedly, the king converted to Judaism.

There's a classic called the "Kuzari,"

which tells this story how the king had a representative

from the Christians and the Jews and the Muslims,

and he chose Judaism,

and it's exciting

because you thought that it was only ancient Israel.

That was the last time that you had autonomy,

and suddenly, we find we have this Jewish kingdom,

and there are little bits of evidence here and there

that such a Jewish kingdom existed,

letters, mentionings in chronicles and that kind of a thing.

It's kind of a mess

because there are historians who accept this

and who devote their whole careers to writing about this,

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Class 8. Early Jews of Modern Ukraine (1) ||евреи||| ||यहूदी||| Early Jews|initial|Jewish people|||Ukraine |||||Ukraine Classe||||moderna| الفئة 8. اليهود الأوائل في أوكرانيا الحديثة (1) Třída 8. Raní Židé moderní Ukrajiny (1) Klasse 8. Frühe Juden der modernen Ukraine (1) Τάξη 8. Πρώιμοι Εβραίοι της σύγχρονης Ουκρανίας (1) Class 8. Early Jews of Modern Ukraine (1) Clase 8. Los primeros judíos de la Ucrania moderna (1) Classe 8. Les premiers Juifs de l'Ukraine moderne (1) Classe 8. I primi ebrei dell'Ucraina moderna (1) クラス8現代ウクライナの初期ユダヤ人(1) 클래스 8. 현대 우크라이나의 초기 유대인 (1) 8 klasė. Ankstyvieji šiuolaikinės Ukrainos žydai (1) Klas 8. Vroege Joden in het moderne Oekraïne (1) Klasa 8. Wcześni Żydzi współczesnej Ukrainy (1) Aula 8. Judeus primitivos da Ucrânia moderna (1) Занятие 8. Ранние евреи современной Украины (1) Klass 8. De tidiga judarna i det moderna Ukraina (1) Sınıf 8. Modern Ukrayna'nın Erken Dönem Yahudileri (1) 8 клас. Ранні євреї сучасної України (1) 第 8 课。现代乌克兰的早期犹太人 (1) 第 8 課。現代烏克蘭的早期猶太人 (1)

- All right, good afternoon, everyone. everyone|okay|well|early part of the day|you all - All right, good afternoon, everyone. - Muito bem, boa tarde a todos. - 好的,大家下午好。

My name is Maksimas Milta. |||Максимас|Милта |||मक्सिमस|मिलता possessive pronoun|Maksimas Milta|is|Maksimas|Milta |||Maksimas|Milta |||Максимас Мілта|Мілта O meu nome é Maksimas Milta.

I am a graduate student |||выпускник| first-person pronoun|am a|a single|postgraduate|graduate student I am a graduate student Je suis étudiant(e) diplômé(e) Sou um estudante licenciado 我是一名研究生

at European and Russian Studies program here at Yale, ||||||||Йель in|European|and|Russian Studies|program||||Yale at European and Russian Studies program here at Yale, no programa de Estudos Europeus e Russos aqui em Yale, 在耶鲁大学的欧洲和俄罗斯研究项目中,

and also one of the teaching fellows for this class, ||||||коллеги||| ||||||साथी||| |in addition||||instructing|teaching assistants||| ||||||fellows||| ||||||colleghi||| and also one of the teaching fellows for this class, et également l'un des chargés de cours de cette classe, e também um dos professores bolsistas desta turma, а також один із викладачів цього класу, 也是这门课的助教之一,

and as the syllabus says, |||учебный план| |||course outline| |||como o programa diz,| |||Lehrplan| |||programma del corso| |||课程大纲中| |जैसा||पाठ्यक्रम| |||і як сказано в програмі| |||シラバス| and as the syllabus says, et comme le dit le syllabus, e como diz o programa de estudos, a ako sa uvádza v učebných osnovách, 正如教学大纲所述,

today's lecture is focused |presentation|| |aula|| La conférence d'aujourd'hui est axée sur a palestra de hoje é centrada 今天的讲座重点是

on the history of Jews in Ukraine, ||||juifs|| 关于乌克兰犹太人的历史,

and we learned earlier y aprendimos antes et nous avons appris plus tôt e aprendemos anteriormente 我们之前了解到

that Jews are among those people who lived the longest |||가운데에|||||| |यहूदी|||||||| |Jewish people||part of|||||| |||entre|aquelas||||| que los judíos están entre las personas que vivieron más tiempo que les Juifs font partie des personnes qui ont vécu le plus longtemps que os judeus estão entre os povos que viveram mais tempo

in the territory of modern-day Ukraine, ||领土内|||| ||region|||| ||||moderna|| en el territorio de la actual Ucrania,

and hence, the topic of today, |therefore|||| |ve bu nedenle|||| |したがって|||| |отже|||| y, por tanto, el tema de hoy, e, por conseguinte, o tema de hoje, і тому тема сьогоднішнього дня,

and the lecture will be today delivered |||||bugün| ||the talk||||given ||강의는 오늘|||오늘| ||palestra||||será dada y la conferencia será pronunciada hoy et la conférence sera donnée aujourd'hui e a conferência será proferida hoje і лекція буде сьогодні прочитана

by our special guest, Professor Glenn Dynner. ||||||профессор Гленн Диннер |||||Glenn|Dynner ||||교수님|글렌 교수님| ||||||Dynner |||||Гленн|Діннер pelo nosso convidado especial, o Professor Glenn Dynner.

Glenn Dynner is the Carl and Dorothy Bennett ||||||Dorothée| ||||Carl||Dorothy Bennett| ||||||Dorothy Bennett|Bennett |||||ve|| ||||卡尔||多萝西|贝内特 |||||||Беннетів Glenn Dynner es el Carl y Dorothy Bennett Glenn Dynner é o Carl e Dorothy Bennett

Professor of Judaic Studies 犹太研究教授||| ||Jewish Studies Professor| ||Judaica| ||юдаїка| ||Иудаика| Professor de Estudos Judaicos

and director of Bennett Center at Fairfield University. |||Bennett Center|||Fairfield University| |||베넷 센터|||| ||||||Ферфілдського університету| |diretor|||||Fairfield| e diretor do Centro Bennett da Universidade de Fairfield. 兼费尔菲尔德大学贝内特中心主任。

Since 2014, he has served as a professor of religion ||||||||宗教学 |||acted as|||||

and chair of religion department at Sarah Lawrence College. |宗教系主任||||||| |head of department||||||Lawrence| |||종교학과장|종교학과|||| |||||||Лоуренс| e presidente do departamento de religião do Sarah Lawrence College. 萨拉·劳伦斯学院宗教系主任。

Professor Dynner holds a PhD from Brandeis University ||||doctoral degree||Brandeis University| ||||||Brandeis University| ||||||Брандейського університету| Le professeur Dynner est titulaire d'un doctorat de l'université de Brandeis. O Professor Dynner tem um doutoramento da Universidade de Brandeis

in the Department of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies, |||||||Jewish| ||학과|||||| no Departamento de Estudos Judaicos e do Próximo Oriente, 近东和犹太研究系,

and his scholarship focuses ||奖学金研究| ||academic research focus| |||зосереджується на et sa bourse se concentre sur e a sua investigação centra-se і його стипендія фокусується

mostly on Eastern European Jewry, ||||еврейство ||||Judentum ||||Eastern European Jews ||||judaísmo da Europa Oriental ||||єврейська спільнота principalement sur les juifs d'Europe de l'Est, principalmente sobre os judeus da Europa de Leste,

and more specifically, ||더 구체적으로

on the social history of Hasidism and Haskalah, |||||||Еврейское Просвещение |||||Jewish mystical movement||Jewish Enlightenment Movement |||||Hasidismo||Iluminismo judaico |||||Chassidismus||Aufklärung |||||Hasidizm||Jewish Enlightenment |||||Хасидизм||Гаскала |||||Hasidism|| sobre a história social do Hasidismo e da Haskalah,

also known as Jewish Enlightenment. ||||Haskalah ||||Aufklärung ||||Aydınlanma ||||Illuminismo ebra ||||Гаскала ||||Enlightenment également connu sous le nom de Jewish Enlightenment (Lumières juives). também conhecido como Iluminismo Judaico. 也称为犹太启蒙运动。

He also works on the topics of Polish Jewish relations, Il travaille également sur les relations entre la Pologne et les Juifs, Trabalha também no domínio das relações entre a Polónia e os judeus,

Jewish economic history, and popular religion. História económica judaica e religião popular.

Professor Dynner is the author of two award-winning books. |||||||prize-winning|prize-winning| |||||||ödül|| |||||||premiati|| O Professor Dynner é autor de dois livros premiados.

One of them is called "Men of Silk: |||||||Silk Men L'un d'entre eux s'intitule "Hommes de soie" : Um deles chama-se "Homens de Seda":

"The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society," |Hasidic|domination|||| |hasídica||||| |Хасидський|Завоювання|||| "A conquista hassídica da sociedade judaica polaca" "Хасидское завоевание польского еврейского общества". “哈西德派征服波蘭猶太社會”

and the other one is called "Yankel's Tavern: ||||||Yankel's Tavern| ||||||a taberna de Yankel| ||||||Янкелевої|

"Jews, Liquor, and Life in the Kingdom of Poland." |Алкоголь||||||| "Judeus, licor e vida no Reino da Polónia". "Евреи, спиртное и жизнь в Царстве Польском". “波蘭王國的猶太人、酒精和生活。”

Currently, Professor Dynner works on the book At present|||||| şu anda|||||| 目前,Dynner 教授正在撰寫這本書

titled "The Light of Learning: intitolato|||| intitulado "A luz da aprendizagem:

"The Hasidic Revival in Poland on the Eve of the Holocaust." ||Resurgence|||||||| ||Відродження хасидизму|||||напередодні||| "Le renouveau hassidique en Pologne à la veille de l'Holocauste". "O renascimento hassídico na Polónia na véspera do Holocausto". “大屠杀前夕波兰的哈西德复兴。”

For those of you Para aqueles de vós

who consider an academic career in your future, |розглядають|||||| 考慮未來學術生涯的人,

I'd like to emphasize the fact |||highlight|| |||vurgulamak isterim|| Gostaria de sublinhar o facto de

that Professor Dynner is also a coeditor of "Shofar," ||||||coeditor||journal ||||||співредактором||Шофар ||||||coeditor|| ||||||coeditor||Shofar ||||||coeditore|| que o Professor Dynner é também co-editor de "Shofar". 戴纳教授也是《羊角号》的共同编辑,

a journal of interdisciplinary Jewish studies, |||cross-disciplinary|| |||interdisciplinary|| |||міждисциплінарний|| |||interdisciplinare|| журнал міждисциплінарних єврейських досліджень, 跨学科犹太研究杂志,

and he also serves on the editorial boards ||||||editoriali| ||||||редакційні колегії| e também faz parte dos conselhos editoriais Он также входит в состав редакционных советов 他也擔任編輯委員會成員

of "POLIN" and "East European Jewish Affairs" journals. |POLIN journal|||||| |POLIN|||||| |ПОЛІН||||||журнали "POLIN" та "East European Jewish Affairs" das revistas "POLIN" e "East European Jewish Affairs".

He's a member of several É membro de várias

Jewish studies related advisory and academic boards, |||advisory = providing recommendations||| |||консультативний орган||| |||consultivo||| Conselhos consultivos e académicos relacionados com estudos judaicos, Консультативные и научные советы, связанные с еврейскими исследованиями, Консультативні та наукові ради з питань юдаїки, 猶太研究相關的諮詢和學術委員會,

including YIVO, |YIVO Institute |YIVO |включаючи YIVO 包括伊沃、

and also, an academic advisory board ainsi qu'un conseil consultatif académique e ainda, um conselho consultivo académico а также академический консультативный совет 還有一個學術顧問委員會

of the Fortunoff Archive here at Yale. ||Fortunoff Archive|||| ||Fortunoff|||| ||Фортуновського архіву|Архів Фортунова||| do Arquivo Fortunoff aqui em Yale. 耶魯大學福圖諾夫檔案館。

Professor Dynner, welcome to Yale,

and thank you for joining us. ||||being with us|

- Okay, thanks, Max.

(audience clapping) |audience applause |applausi del (观众鼓掌)

Thank you.

Yeah, it's great to be here.

I guess you figured out I'm not Timothy Snyder, |je suppose||compris||||| |||||||Timothy| |||||||Timothy Snyder|Snyder ||||||||Снайдер Je suppose que vous avez compris que je ne suis pas Timothy Snyder, Acho que já percebeste que não sou o Timothy Snyder, Думаю, вы поняли, что я не Тимоти Снайдер, Sanırım Timothy Snyder olmadığımı anladın, 我想你已經知道我不是提摩西‧史奈德了

and I teach at Fairfield, e dou aulas em Fairfield, и преподаю в Фэрфилде, 我在費爾菲爾德教書,

which is down the highway a little bit, ||||further down road||| ||далі по шосе||||| qui se trouve un peu plus loin sur l'autoroute, que fica um pouco mais abaixo na autoestrada, который находится немного ниже по шоссе, 沿著高速公路走一點點,

and I missed my exit, ||||і я пропустив свій з'їзд et j'ai raté ma sortie, e eu perdi a minha saída, и я пропустил свой выход, 我错过了出口,

and somehow I wind up here, which is a great honor, |irgendwie||||||||| |in some way||end up|||a great honor|||| et d'une manière ou d'une autre, je me retrouve ici, ce qui est un grand honneur, そしてどういうわけか私はここにたどり着きました これは大きな名誉です e, de alguma forma, acabei aqui, o que é uma grande honra, И каким-то образом я оказался здесь, что для меня большая честь, ve bir şekilde buraya geldim, ki bu büyük bir onur, і я якимось чином опинився тут, що є великою честю, 不知怎的,我終於來到了這裡,這是一種莫大的榮幸,

so I'm gonna be talking a little bit por isso vou falar um pouco Так что я буду говорить немного 所以我要说一点

about the Jews of Ukraine up to the year 1648. ||Jewish people|||||| 1648年までのウクライナのユダヤ人について。 sobre os judeus da Ucrânia até ao ano de 1648. о евреях Украины до 1648 года. 关于 1648 年之前乌克兰的犹太人。

I understand you guys came up ||||arrived or appeared| J'ai cru comprendre que vous étiez venus Sei que vocês vieram Я понимаю, что вы, ребята, пришли 我知道你們上來了

to the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, ||||Grunwald Battle| ||||Grunwald| ||||Грюнвальдська битва 1410 року| para a batalha de Grunwald em 1410, до Грюнвальдской битвы в 1410 году, до Грюнвальдської битви 1410 р. 1410年格倫瓦爾德戰役

so I'm gonna go a little bit beyond that Je vais donc aller un peu plus loin. por isso vou um pouco mais além так что я собираюсь пойти немного дальше.

because honestly, not a whole lot is known |truthfully|||||| parce qu'honnêtement, on ne sait pas grand-chose porque, sinceramente, não se sabe muito 因為老實說,我們知道的不多

about the Jewish communities |||Jewish groups 关于犹太社区

in this part of Eastern Europe before then, |||||||その時までに Doğu Avrupa'nın bu kısmında o zamandan önce,

and so we're gonna go through all this, e por isso vamos passar por tudo isto, и поэтому мы собираемся пройти через все это,

and we're gonna come up to 1648. e vamos chegar aos 1648. и мы дойдем до 1648.

I assume, to this point, you've really been learning |I believe||||||| Je suppose que, jusqu'à présent, vous avez vraiment appris Presumo que, até agora, tem estado a aprender Я полагаю, что до этого момента вы действительно учились

about the story of colonizers and the colonized. ||||Kolonisatoren||| ||||settlers||| ||||colonizers|||colonized ||||колонізатори|||колонізовані ||||i colonizzatori|||colonizzati sur l'histoire des colonisateurs et des colonisés. sobre a história dos colonizadores e dos colonizados. об истории колонизаторов и колонизируемых. 关于殖民者和被殖民者的故事。

Colonizers being Lithuanians, ||Lithuanians Колонізатори-литовці||Литовці Os colonizadores são lituanos, Колонизаторы - литовцы, 殖民者是立陶宛人,

and then Poles, which you're just starting to get into, puis les Polonais, que vous commencez à peine à aborder, e depois os polacos, que estão a começar a ser abordados, а затем поляки, о которых вы только начали рассказывать, ve sonra Polonyalılar, ki siz daha yeni girmeye başlıyorsunuz, 然後是波蘭人,你才剛開始接觸,

and the colonized being Ukrainians in this part. а колонизированными в этой части были украинцы. 這部分的殖民地是烏克蘭人。

What I would like to talk about today Ce dont je voudrais parler aujourd'hui Sobre o que gostaria de falar hoje О чем я хотел бы поговорить сегодня 今天我想讲的是

is a third very prominent group, ||||highly noticeable| ||||видатна| est un troisième groupe très important, é um terceiro grupo muito importante, третья очень известная группа, 是第三个非常突出的群体,

and that's the Jewish community, e essa é a comunidade judaica, и это еврейская община, 这就是犹太社区,

which is neither one of these things, right? ce qui n'est ni l'un ni l'autre, n'est-ce pas ? que não é nenhuma destas coisas, certo? что не является ни тем, ни другим, верно? що не є жодною з цих речей, правда? 这两者都不是,对吧?

The Jews constitute a diaspora group, ||составляют||| ||form||scattered community| ||costituiscono||diaspora| ||становлять||діаспорна група| Os judeus constituem um grupo da diáspora, Евреи представляют собой диаспору, 猶太人是一個散居國外的群體,

meaning they're without a homeland, so to speak. ||||native land||| ||||батьківщина|так би мовити|| o que significa que não têm pátria, por assim dizer. 可以这么说,这意味着他们没有祖国。

They're a guest, Ils sont invités, É um convidado,

and they have to somehow mediate |||||Resolve conflicts |||||mediare |||||посередничати et ils doivent d'une manière ou d'une autre jouer le rôle de médiateur e têm de mediar de alguma forma 他们必须以某种方式进行调解

between these colonizers and the colonized. entre ces colonisateurs et les colonisés. entre estes colonizadores e os colonizados. 这些殖民者和被殖民者之间。

There's certain advantages to being a diaspora group, ||benefits||||| ||переваги||||| Há certas vantagens em ser um grupo da diáspora, 成为侨民群体有一定的优势,

if you think about it. se pensarmos bem.

They have a pretty far-flung ||||далеко| |||ziemlich|weit verstreut|weit verstreut |||||widely spread out Ils ont des activités assez éloignées les unes des autres. Eles têm uma equipa bastante distante Вони мають досить розгалужену мережу 他們有一個相當遙遠的

social and mercantile network. ||торговый| ||commercial| ||comercial| ||handels-| ||commerciale| ||торгова мережа| réseau social et commercial. rede social e comercial. 社会和商业网络。

They speak their own language Falam a sua própria língua

and are able to cultivate, ||||kultivieren ||||foster ||||і здатні культивувати 栽培することができ、 e são capazes de cultivar,

you know, an elite culture |||High-status| |||cultura d'élite| sabe, uma cultura de elite

or subculture in these parts, |sottocultura||| |subcultura||| ou subcultura por estas bandas,

and, you know,

it's a situation of é uma situação de

where they're able to obtain economic niches ||||||ниши ||||secure||Market segments ||||||nichos econômicos ||||||nicchie economiche ||||||економічні ніші ||||||niches onde podem obter nichos económicos де вони можуть отримати економічні ніші 他们能够获得经济利基的地方

and have a great deal of mobility. ||||велика кількість||мобільність und haben eine große Mobilität. et ont une grande mobilité. そして機動力が高い。 e têm uma grande mobilidade. 并且有很大的机动性。

Those things are true. Estas coisas são verdadeiras.

However, it's also a situation of physical vulnerability. |||||||Verwundbarkeit |||||||physical weakness |||||||vulnerability |||||||фізична вразливість |||||||vulnerabilità No entanto, é também uma situação de vulnerabilidade física. 然而,这也是一种身体脆弱的情况。

The Jews are members of a, Євреї є членами 犹太人是以下组织的成员:

well, ostensibly problematic religion, |seemingly|potentially controversial religion| |aparentemente|| |offensichtlich problematische|| |apparentemente problematica|| |нібито проблематична релігія|проблематична релігія| |ostensibly|| bem, uma religião ostensivamente problemática, Ну, нібито проблематична релігія, 好吧,表面上有问题的宗教,

and, you know, as a result of this, e, sabe, como resultado disto,

they really wind up serving the more powerful groups, ||поддерживают|||||| sie||enden|||||| ils finissent par servir les groupes les plus puissants, 彼らは実際に、より強力なグループに仕えることになります。 acabam de facto por servir os grupos mais poderosos, они на самом деле служат более влиятельным группам, вони справді закінчують служити могутнішим групам, 他们最终确实服务于更强大的群体,

meaning the Lithuanian and the Polish colonizers, ||||||植民者たち значення колонізаторів|||||| ou seja, os colonizadores lituanos e polacos, 指的是立陶宛和波兰殖民者,

and this works out for a while et cela fonctionne pendant un certain temps e isto funciona durante algum tempo

until they really pay a horrible price for this, up to when|||||||| até que paguem realmente um preço terrível por isso, 直到他们真的为此付出惨痛的代价

you know, because Ukrainians sabe, porque os ucranianos Вы знаете, потому что украинцы

are gonna rise up under Chmielnicki, ||rebel||led by| |||||Chmielnicki |||||під проводом Хмельницького |||||Chmielnicki vont s'élever sous Chmielnicki, vão erguer-se sob o comando de Chmielnicki, восстанут под Хмельницким, Chmielnicki'nin altında yükselecekler, 将会在赫米尔尼基的领导下崛起,

and Chmielnicki is an anticolonial hero ||||反植民地の英雄| ||||anti-colonial| ||||eroe anticoloniale|eroe anticoloniale ||||антиколоніальний герой| ||||anticolonialista| e Chmielnicki é um herói anticolonial а Хмельницький — антиколоніальний герой

from a Ukrainian perspective, de uma perspetiva ucraniana,

but from a Jewish perspective, ||||perspective mas de uma perspetiva judaica,

after a series of horrific massacres, |||||массовые убийства ||||terrible|brutal mass killings |||||Massakern ||||orribili|massacri ||||жахливих|після серії жахливих різанин |||||虐殺 após uma série de massacres horríveis, 在一系列可怕的屠杀之后

you know, Chmielnicki, for them, is a vicious persecutor, |||||||grausamer|Verfolger |||||||cruel oppressor|oppressor |||||||persecutore spiet|persecutore spiet |||||||perseguidor cruel|persecutor cruel ||||||||переслідувач para eles, Chmielnicki é um perseguidor cruel, 你知道,赫米尔尼基对于他们来说是一个恶毒的迫害者,

and this is kind of the price that they pay. e é mais ou menos este o preço que pagam.

I wanna start with the bad news Je vais commencer par les mauvaises nouvelles Quero começar com as más notícias

and then move on to better news. e depois passar para notícias melhores. 然后继续了解更好的消息。

The bad news is Jews, as you probably figured out, La mauvaise nouvelle concerne les juifs, comme vous l'avez probablement compris, A má notícia é que os judeus, como já deve ter percebido, são os mais velhos, Плохие новости - это евреи, как вы уже, наверное, догадались, 坏消息是犹太人,正如你可能已经想到的那样,

are a pariah group, ||pariahs| ||outcast| ||grupo de párias| ||Paria-Gruppe| ||gruppo emargin| ||ізгої група| ||のけ者の集団| são um grupo pária, являются группой изгоев, 是一个贱民群体,

as some of the things I mentioned indicate, |||||||indiquent |||||||indicate = indicate 私が言及したことのいくつかが示すように、 como indicam algumas das coisas que mencionei, как показывают некоторые из упомянутых мною вещей, 正如我提到的一些事情表明的那样,

and that has very deep roots here. |||||racines| et cela a des racines très profondes ici. e isso tem raízes muito profundas aqui. 这在这里有着很深的根源。

It goes all the way back, in fact, to early church fathers. ||||||||||church| ||||аж до||||||| |||||||||||padri Elle remonte en fait aux premiers pères de l'Église. De facto, remonta aos primeiros pais da Igreja. Она восходит к ранним отцам церкви. 事实上,这可以追溯到早期教父。

The most benign, ||gentle kind ||benigno Die||die harmloseste ||il più benigno ||найбільш доброзичливий ||無害な Le plus bénin, O mais benigno, Самый доброкачественный, 最善良的,

and, I would say, the formula that's basically adopted ||||||||adopted e, diria eu, a fórmula que é basicamente adoptada 我想说的是,基本上采用的公式

throughout most of real everyday life durante a maior parte da vida quotidiana real 贯穿大部分现实日常生活

is probably that one é provavelmente esse

that's attributable to Augustine, okay? |Credited to Augustine||| |atribuível||| |auf Augustine zurückzuführen||| |attribuibile||| |приписується Августину||| |アウグスティヌスによる||Augustine| que é atribuível a Agostinho, está bem? которые приписывают Августину, понятно? 这要归功于奥古斯丁,好吗?

And we'll go into that in a minute, E já vamos falar disso num minuto,

but first, I just want to address this image, ||||||discuss|| ||||||falar sobre|| mas, antes de mais, gostaria de abordar esta imagem, 但首先,我只想解决这个问题,

which, if you can make it out, ||||розібратися в цьому|| o que, se conseguirem perceber, ki eğer başarabilirsen, 如果你能弄清楚的话

is really a kind of image of ambivalence |||||||ambivalência |||||||mixed feelings |||||||ambivalenza |||||||двозначність |||||||両価性のイメージ é de facto uma espécie de imagem de ambivalência gerçekten bir tür kararsızlık imgesidir 实在是一种矛盾心理的形象

because over here on this side porque aqui deste lado 因为在这边

you have Jewish merchants, traders. |||торговцы|торговцы |||Jewish businesspeople|businesspeople |||os comerciantes|comerciantes |||єврейські купці|торговці ||||commercianti há mercadores judeus, comerciantes. 你有犹太商人、贸易商。

They don't look very prosperous. ||||well-off ||||prospero ||||Вони не виглядають дуже заможними. ||||prosperi Não parecem muito prósperos. Вони не виглядають дуже заможними. 他们看起来不太繁荣。

On the other side, you have peasants in their holiday garb, ||||||||||одежда ||||||rural laborers||||clothing |||||||||roupa de festa| ||||||||||Kleidung ||||||||||abiti da festa ||||||||||святковий одяг ||||||||||祝祭の服装 De l'autre côté, on trouve des paysans en tenue de fête, 反対側には、休日の服装をした農民がいます。 Do outro lado, temos os camponeses com os seus trajes de festa, С другой стороны - крестьяне в праздничных нарядах, 另一边,有穿着节日盛装的农民,

and the painter is called (indistinct), ||artist||| ||il pittore|||indistinto |||||невиразно |||||indistinct e o pintor chama-se (indistinto), И художник называется (неразборчиво), і художник називається (нерозбірливо), 画家的名字(模糊不清),

who would paint Polish and Ukrainian kind of everyday life, |||polnisch|||||| ||||||||cotidiana| qui peignait la vie quotidienne polonaise et ukrainienne, que pintava a vida quotidiana polaca e ucraniana, который бы рисовал польские и украинские будни, 谁会描绘波兰和乌克兰的日常生活,

landscapes, and depict sort of scenes of everyday life. ||изображать|||||| natural scenery||portray|||||| paisagens||representar|||cenas||| ||darstellen|||||| paesaggi||rappresentare|||||| paesaggi||描写する|||||| paisagens, e retratam uma espécie de cenas da vida quotidiana. пейзажи, а также изображают своеобразные сцены повседневной жизни. 风景,描绘日常生活场景。

They're together.

They're gathered in front of a tavern, ||||||таверна |assembled|||||pub or inn |зібралися||||| |reunidos||||| ||||||酒場の前で集まっている Estão reunidos em frente a uma taberna, 他们聚集在一家小酒馆前,

but you can tell they're pretty apart, right? mais on voit bien qu'ils sont assez éloignés l'un de l'autre, n'est-ce pas ? mas dá para ver que estão bastante separados, certo? 但你可以看出他们很不同,对吧?

They're divided by their dress. |divisés||| Estão divididos pelo seu vestido. 他们是根据着装来区分的。

They're divided by their language.

You know, Jews are speaking Yiddish, predominantly, ||||||vorwiegend ||||||mainly |||||yiddish| |||||їдиш|переважно ||||||主に Sabe, os judeus estão a falar predominantemente iídiche, 你知道,犹太人主要讲意第绪语,

and the peasants have their own local dialect. |||||||діалект 农民有自己的当地方言。

It's gonna be a Slavic language, Vai ser uma língua eslava, 这将是斯拉夫语言

and there's little kind of communication between them. ||ほとんどない||||| e há pouco tipo de comunicação entre eles. 他们之间几乎没有什么交流。

The Jews are also involved in very different activity, ||||||||atividade muito diferente Os judeus também estão envolvidos em actividades muito diferentes, 犹太人也参与了非常不同的活动,

you know, as traders, as petty merchants, |||||kleine| |||||small-scale|small-scale sellers |||||piccoli| |||||дрібні торговці|торговці ||||||os comerciantes vous savez, en tant que commerçants, en tant que petits marchands, sabe, como comerciantes, como pequenos comerciantes, 你知道,作为商人,作为小商人,

compared to the peasants who, on their holiday are dancing, em comparação com os camponeses que, nas suas férias, estão a dançar, 与节日里跳舞的农民相比,

and they're enjoying themselves, probably drinking, |||a si mesmos|| e estão a divertir-se, provavelmente a beber, 他们很享受,可能还在喝酒,

and inside, if we went in there, e no interior, se lá entrássemos, 在里面,如果我们进去的话,

we would probably see a Jewish tavernkeeper. ||||||Jewish innkeeper ||||||taberneiro judeu ||||||Wirt jüdisch ||||||locandiere ebre ||||||шинокар ||||||ユダヤ人の酒場主 provavelmente veríamos um taberneiro judeu. 我们可能会看到一个犹太酒馆老板。

Jews leased taverns and distilleries from the nobility. |rented or managed|||alcohol production facilities|||landowning class os judeus|alugaram|as tabernas||as destilarias|||a nobreza |pachteten|||||| |affittarono|osterie||distillerie||| |орендували|корчми||винокурні|||шляхта ||酒場||蒸留所||| ユダヤ人は貴族から居酒屋や蒸留所を借りていました。 Os judeus alugavam tabernas e destilarias à nobreza. Євреї орендували у шляхти шинки та винокурні. 犹太人向贵族租用小酒馆和酿酒厂。

The vast majority of taverns and distilleries |die überwältigende||||| |Greatest part of|||||distilleries A grande maioria das tabernas e destilarias 绝大多数小酒馆和酿酒厂

throughout these regions were actually run by Jews, |||||||os judeus em todas estas regiões eram efetivamente dirigidas por judeus, 整个这些地区实际上都是由犹太人统治的,

and you really have sort of a, I would say, e tem realmente uma espécie de, diria eu, 我想说,你确实有一种,

an interaction, but not an integration, right? |||||統合ではなく相互作用| |||||взаємодія, але не інтеграція| |||||integrazione| uma interação, mas não uma integração, certo? 是交互,但不是集成,对吧?

An interaction within ||dentro de Uma interação dentro de

very prescribed social categories. |vorgegebenen|| |Strictly defined|| |非常に規定された|| |дуже визначені соціальні категорії|| catégories sociales très précises. categorias sociais muito bem definidas. 非常规定的社会类别。

You can call it a symbiosis |||||симбиоз |||||mutual relationship |||||Symbiose |||||simbiosi |||||Ви можете назвати це симбіозом. |||||共生関係と言える Pode dizer-se que é uma simbiose 你可以称之为共生

because Jews are providing essential services, |||offering|| porque os judeus estão a prestar serviços essenciais,

the peasants providing essential services to them, os camponeses que lhes prestam serviços essenciais, 农民为他们提供基本服务,

but, of course, it can also develop into real animosity, |||||||||real hostility |||||||||ворожість |||||||||敵意 ||||||desenvolver-se|||animosidade real |||||||||animosità reale mas, claro, também pode evoluir para uma verdadeira animosidade, 但是,当然,它也可能发展成真正的敌意,

misunderstanding, resentment, and outright violence, |Groll||offener| |Bitter indignation||complete|physical aggression |образа||відверте насильство| mal-entendido|ressentimento||aberta| |risentimento||| l'incompréhension, le ressentiment et la violence pure et simple, mal-entendidos, ressentimentos e violência pura e simples, 误解、怨恨和公然的暴力,

so that's why I would call it a situation of ambivalence. É por isso que eu lhe chamaria uma situação de ambivalência. Bu yüzden buna kararsızlık durumu diyebilirim. 所以这就是为什么我称之为矛盾的情况。

Where does the pariah status come from? |||status de pária||| De onde vem o estatuto de pária? 贱民的地位从何而来?

If we go back to Augustine, |||||Августин Si nous revenons à Augustin, Se voltarmos a Agostinho,

I'd like to look at this text very closely ||||||||molto attentamente J'aimerais examiner ce texte de très près Gostaria de analisar este texto com muita atenção 我想仔细看看这段文字

because it looks like anti-Semitism, |||||反ユダヤ主義のように |||||Antisemitismus ||||антисемітизм|антисемітизм ||||anti-semita| |||||antisemitismo porque parece antissemitismo, 因为这看起来像是反犹太主义

but it's not really intended to be so. ||||destiné à||| ||||beabsichtigt||| mais ce n'est pas vraiment le but recherché. しかし、実際にはそうするつもりはありません。 mas não é bem assim que se pretende. але насправді це не задумано. 但事实并非如此。

This is from his "Contra Faustum": |||||Faustus ||||contra|Fausto ||||Проти Фауста| ||||contro|Fausto Isto é do seu "Contra Faustum": 这是他的《浮士德》中的一段话:

"It is not, as you say, not by bodily death ||||||||physical|bodily demise "Ce n'est pas, comme vous le dites, pas par la mort corporelle "Não é, como dizeis, não é por morte corporal

"shall the ungodly race of carnal Jews perish," должен||||||| ||impie|||sensuels|| ||wicked or sinful|||worldly or fleshly|| ||ímpia||||| ||gottlose|||fleischlichen||verderben ||empia|||carnali||periscano чи повинна||безбожний|раса||плотські||загинути ||不信仰の||||| "La race impie des Juifs charnels périra", "la race impie des Juifs charnels périra", "la race impie des Juifs charnels périra". 「不敬虔な肉のユダヤ人は滅びるだろう」 "perecerá a raça ímpia dos judeus carnais," "Погибнет ли нечестивый род плотских иудеев". «Нехай загине безбожний рід тілесних євреїв», “那些不敬虔的、属肉体的犹太人种族会灭亡吗?”

and what he's basically saying is you can't kill Jews. et ce qu'il dit en substance, c'est qu'on ne peut pas tuer les Juifs. e o que ele está basicamente a dizer é que não se pode matar judeus.

You know, they may have rejected Christ, |знаєш||||| Podem ter rejeitado Cristo, İsa'yı reddetmiş olabilirler, 你知道,他们可能拒绝了基督,

but they live among us, |||серед| mais ils vivent parmi nous, mas vivem entre nós,

and they're not to be harmed bodily, |||||danneggiati| et ils ne doivent pas être blessés physiquement, e não devem ser feridos corporalmente, ve onlara bedensel zarar verilmemelidir, і їм не можна завдавати тілесних ушкоджень, 并且他们的身体不会受到伤害,

and this is in a context e isto num contexto

of forced conversions at this time period, ||coerced religious changes|||| ||conversioni forzate|||| ||примусові навернення|||| de conversões forçadas neste período, bu dönemde zorla din değiştirenlerin sayısı, 在此期间的强制转换,

you know, outright violence and death, ||відверте насильство||| 你知道,彻底的暴力和死亡,

and so he's really actually proscribing this. |||||forbidding this| |||||proibindo| |||||verboten| |||||proibendo| |||||забороняє це| |||||禁止している| 所以他实际上是在禁止这样做。

He's forbidding this kind of thing. |vietando|||| |забороняє|||| Il interdit ce genre de choses. Bu tür şeyleri yasaklıyor. 他禁止这种事。

"For whoever destroys them in this way, ||знищує|||| "Kim onları bu şekilde yok ederse, “无论谁以这种方式毁灭他们,

"shall suffer sevenfold vengeance," |||месть |endure|seven times over|severe retribution ||siebenfach|Rache ||sette volte|vendetta sette volte зазнає||семикратна помста|семикратну помсту ||七倍の|七倍の復讐 “将遭受七倍的报复”

that is, shall bring upon himself the sevenfold penalty ||||||||наказание ||||||||penalità ||||||||покарання семикратне 也就是说,将给自己带来七倍的惩罚

under which the Jews lie for the crucifixion of Christ, |||||||Kreuzigung|| |||||||death on the cross|| |||||||crocifissione|| |||||||розп'яття Христа||Христос 犹太人在其下躺着钉死基督,

and so he is blaming Jews for the death of Christ, ||||accusing|||||| ||||incolpando|||||| ||він|||||||| 所以他将基督的死归咎于犹太人,

and deicide, |Gottesmord |killing of a god |morte de Deus |і богоубивство |deicidio 和弑神者,

or at least the murder of the human embodiment of God, ||||||||Menschliche Verkörper|| ||||||||incarnazione umana|| ||||||||втілення людини Бога|| ou du moins le meurtre de l'incarnation humaine de Dieu, または少なくとも神の人間の化身の殺害、 Ya da en azından Tanrı'nın insan bedeninin öldürülmesi, 或者至少是对上帝的人类化身的谋杀,

is a pretty heavy penalty, est une sanction assez lourde, 是一个相当重的处罚

so to the end of the seven days of time, jusqu'à la fin des sept jours du temps,

the continued preservation of the Jews ||Erhaltung||| ||ongoing protection||| ||preservazione||| ||збереження євреїв||| 犹太人的持续保护

will be proof to believing Christians sera une preuve pour les chrétiens croyants キリスト教徒を信じる証拠となる 将成为相信基督徒的证据

of the subjection merited |||заслуженной ||deserved submission|deserved ||服従に値する| ||підкорення заслуговує|заслужене підкорення ||soggezione|meritata 服従に値する підпорядкування заслуговує 应得的服从

by those who, in the pride of their kingdom, |||||arrogance||| par ceux qui, dans l'orgueil de leur royaume, 那些以自己王国为荣的人,

put the Lord to death, faire mourir le Seigneur, 置主于死地,

and here is perhaps the most dangerous formula of all 这也许是所有公式中最危险的

because what it's basically saying is 因为它的基本意思是

Jews are to be kept around in a state of misery, right? ||||||||||Elend| ||||maintained||||||suffering| ||||||||||miseria| ||||||||||страждання| Les Juifs doivent être maintenus dans un état de misère, n'est-ce pas ? ユダヤ人は悲惨な状態に置かれるべきですよね? Евреев нужно держать в состоянии страдания, верно? Yahudiler etrafta sefalet içinde tutulmalı, değil mi? 犹太人应该处于痛苦的状态,对吗?

As witness to what happens when you reject Christ, |As evidence of||||||turn away from| |||||||rifiuti| Pour témoigner de ce qui se passe lorsque l'on rejette le Christ, 作为当你拒绝基督时会发生什么的见证,

but they're to be kept around. mais il faut les garder à portée de main. しかし、それらは保管する必要があります。

Now, the reason why I consider this so dangerous is 现在,我认为这如此危险的原因是

what happens when Jews don't fulfill that role |||||perform|| ce qui se passe lorsque les Juifs ne remplissent pas ce rôle 当犹太人不履行这个角色时会发生什么

of misery, of subjection? 痛苦,屈服?

What happens then? 然后会发生什么?

What happens when they're perceived ||||seen or understood ||||percepiti ||||сприймаються Algılandıklarında ne olur? 当他们被察觉时会发生什么

as maybe violating that hierarchy, ||breaching|| ||violando|| ||порушуючи||ієрархію comme violant peut-être cette hiérarchie, そのヒエラルキーに違反している可能性があるため、 因为可能违反了这个层次结构,

even subverting that hierarchy? |untergraben|| |undermining|| |sovvertendo|| |підриваючи|| 甚至颠覆这种等级制度?

And, of course, at the heart of anti-Semitism is the claim Et, bien sûr, au cœur de l'antisémitisme se trouve l'affirmation suivante そしてもちろん、反ユダヤ主義の中心にあるのは、

of excessive Jewish power, influence, and wealth, |undue||||| |надмірний||||| d'un pouvoir, d'une influence et d'une richesse juifs excessifs, 犹太人的权力、影响力和财富过多,

and all these things come into play, そして、これらすべてが作用し、

so what I'm asking is

is this formula a license to kill ||||licenza|| Cette formule est-elle un permis de tuer ? この式は殺すためのライセンスですか

when that, the Jewish part of the deal ||der||||| |||||||угода そのとき、取引のユダヤ人の部分 那时,交易的犹太人部分

is not held up, right? wird|||| ||не затримується|| n'est pas retenu, n'est-ce pas ? değil mi?

The subjection or the misery, |підкорення або страждання||| Boyun eğme ya da sefalet, 屈服或痛苦,

and, you know, I think that kind of explains et, vous savez, je pense que cela explique en quelque sorte 而且,你知道,我认为这可以解释

the trajectory that we're gonna follow. 我们将遵循的轨迹。

Most of the time, Çoğu zaman,

most of the time, Jews are gonna lead la plupart du temps, les Juifs mènent la danse

a relatively prosperous and stable existence, |||||відносно процвітаюче та стабільне життя 相对繁荣稳定的存在,

but then there are these episodes, 但接下来还有这些情节,

extremely violent devastating episodes, ||verheerend| ||devastanti| ||спустошливі| 极其暴力的破坏性事件,

today, what we would call genocide in some cases, you know, |||||Mass extermination||||| |||||genocidio||||| 今天,在某些情况下我们称之为种族灭绝,你知道,

and, you know, are Jews even aware of this bargain? |||являются||||||сделка ||||||conscious of|||deal et, vous savez, les juifs sont-ils au moins au courant de ce marché ? і, знаєте, євреї взагалі знають про цю угоду? 而且,你知道,犹太人知道这个交易吗?

Are they aware of this formula? Bu formülden haberleri var mı? 他们知道这个公式吗?

It seems they are, to an extent, ||sie|||| ||||||to a degree Il semble que ce soit le cas, dans une certaine mesure, Похоже, что в какой-то степени так оно и есть, 看来他们在某种程度上

because rabbinical leaders will actually forbid |rabínica|||| |rabbinische||||verbieten |rabbinici||||vietare |рабинські|||| |ラビの|||| 因为拉比领袖实际上会禁止

ostentatious display Showy display|Show of wealth ostentosa| auffällige| ostentato| показний| 派手な展示| affichage ostentatoire показний показ 炫耀

like jewelry and fancy clothing and that kind of a thing, |||luxurious||||||| |||вишуканий||||||| 比如珠宝和漂亮的衣服之类的东西,

and they'll try very hard, 他们会非常努力,

but it's very hard to control such things also. ||||||solche||

That being said, so we've got this kind of, Das|||||||| 话虽这么说,所以我们有这样的,

I would say, dangerous balancing act, you know, ||||precarious equilibrium||| ||||equilibrio pericol||| Je dirais qu'il s'agit d'un exercice d'équilibre dangereux,

and it's like a collective balancing act 这就像一个集体的平衡行为

and this collective sense of ambivalence. ||shared||| |||||двозначність 以及这种集体的矛盾心理。

That being said, Ceci étant dit,

most of the Jews of the world la plupart des Juifs du monde 世界上大多数犹太人

are going to move to this part of the world, vont s'installer dans cette partie du monde, 将要搬到世界的这个地方,

not all the Ukraine. pas toute l'Ukraine.

It's gonna be, also, you know, 这也会是,你知道,

the Polish kingdom and other lands in Eastern Europe, 波兰王国和东欧其他国家,

but it's pretty incredible. 但这真是令人难以置信。

75% of the world's Jewish population 世界上 75% 的犹太人口

is going to reside in Eastern Europe by the 19th century, |||wohnen||||||| |||live in||||||| |||risiedere||||||| |||оселиться||Східній||||| 到19世纪将居住在东欧,

and there's a reason for that.

It can't be that horrible if they're living there.

It certainly can't be that deadly. |||||life-threatening Il ne peut certainement pas être aussi mortel. 肯定不可能那么致命。

The reason for that is that stability ||||||стабільність 原因就在于稳定性

and relative prosperity. 和相对繁荣。

They have economic autonomy. ||економічний|економічна автономія 他们有经济自主权。

They're not allowed to own land, ||permitted||| 他们不被允许拥有土地,

yet that can also be, mais cela peut aussi être le cas, 但这也可以是,

I suppose, an advantage 我想,一个优势

because they move into somewhat more lucrative pursuits ||||||lukrativeren|Betätigungen ||||slightly||profitable|profitable activities ||||||より儲かる| |вони||в напрямку|||прибутковіші заняття|більш прибуткові заняття ||||||più redditizie|attività parce qu'ils se tournent vers des activités un peu plus lucratives 因为他们转向更有利可图的追求

like trade, crafts, moneylending, |||Geldverleih ||skilled trades|lending money ||arti e mestieri|prestito di denaro ||ремесла|позичання грошей |||金貸し業 比如贸易、手工艺、放债、

and most importantly all, as time develops, ||||||розвивається

leaseholding from the nobility. Land tenancy||| locazione dalla nobilt||| оренда у шляхти|||дворянство de la noblesse. 贵族的租赁权。

They will lease pretty much all ||rent out||| ||affittare||| ||орендувати||майже| Ils loueront à peu près tous les

of the nonagricultural enterprises of the nobles. |||business ventures||| ||non agricole|imprese||| ||не сільськогосподарських|підприємств||| 贵族的非农企业。

Political autonomy. |politische Autonomie

We're gonna see how they develop virtually self-government. Nous allons voir comment ils développent une quasi-autonomie. 我们将看到他们如何发展实际上的自治。

Now, later on, anti-Semitic claims are gonna be |||||accusations or statements||| ||||антисемітські|||| Maintenant, plus tard, les allégations antisémites seront

that they constitute a state within a state. ||становлять||||| що вони становлять державу в державі. 他们构成了国中之国。

I think that goes way too far. Je pense que cela va beaucoup trop loin.

You know, it's all contingent on the Polish landowners ||es||abhängig von|||| ||||Dependent on||||property owners ||||||||proprietari terrieri ||||залежить від||||землевласники Vous savez, tout dépend des propriétaires terriens polonais 你知道,这一切都取决于波兰地主

who own the vast majority of land in these areas |||large amount of|||||| |||переважну більшість|||||| 谁拥有这些地区的绝大多数土地

and linguistic autonomy. 和语言自主权。

The vernacular everyday language is Yiddish, |common speech|||| |lingua vernacolare|||| |розмовна мова|||| 日常用语是意第绪语,

a combination of German and Hebrew |||||німецько-єврейський 德语和希伯来语的组合

with some Slavic elements thrown in, avec quelques éléments slaves,

and then Hebrew, which functions a lot like Latin 然后是希伯来语,其功能很像拉丁语

as an elite clerical language, a literary language, |||clericale|||| |||духовна мова|||літературна мова| 作为一种精英文书语言、一种文学语言,

one that's not really spoken until the rise of Zionism. |||||||||Zionismus |||||||||シオニズムの台頭 |||||||||сіонізм |||||||||sionismo qui n'a pas vraiment été prononcée avant la montée du sionisme. 直到犹太复国主义兴起才真正被提及。

Now, we can go way back Зараз||||далеко назад|далеко назад

to the origins of Jewish presence

in what becomes the Ukraine,

but historians will often start

with the Khazar kingdom, ||Хазарський| з Хозарським царством,

and it's kind of exciting to historians ||||thrilling||

to think that there was a Jewish kingdom.

Supposedly, the king converted to Judaism. |||||Judentum Allegedly|||changed his faith||the Jewish faith Нібито|||прийняв юдаїзм||юдаїзм Імовірно, король прийняв іудаїзм.

There's a classic called the "Kuzari," |||||Kuzari

which tells this story how the king had a representative

from the Christians and the Jews and the Muslims,

and he chose Judaism,

and it's exciting

because you thought that it was only ancient Israel. parce que vous pensiez qu'il ne s'agissait que de l'ancien Israël.

That was the last time that you had autonomy,

and suddenly, we find we have this Jewish kingdom,

and there are little bits of evidence here and there ||||small pieces|||||

that such a Jewish kingdom existed, qu'un tel royaume juif ait existé,

letters, mentionings in chronicles and that kind of a thing. |Erwähnungen|||||||| |references|||||||| |menzioni||cronache|||||| |||年代記||||||

It's kind of a mess ||||chaotic situation C'est un peu le bazar

because there are historians who accept this

and who devote their whole careers to writing about this, ||捧げる||||||| et qui consacrent toute leur carrière à écrire sur ce sujet,